Senarai istilah Islam dalam bahasa Arab

Senarai berikut mengandungi konsep yakni yang dipemerolehan dari kedua-dua tradisi Islam dan Arab, dimana telah diekspresikan sebagai perkataan dalam bahasa Arab. Tujuan utama untuk senarai ini adalah untuk menyahkaburkan ejaan berganda, untuk membuat nota ejaan tidak lagi digunakan untuk konsep ini, untuk kemaskini konsep dalam satu atau dua baris, untuk buat ia mudah untuk satu mencari dan ambil konsep spesifik, dan untuk memberikan panduan kepada konsep unik Islam semua dalam satu tempat.

Memisahkan konsep dalam Islam dari konsep spesifik kepada budaya Arab, atau dari bahasa sendiri, boleh jadi sukar. Banyak konsep bahasa Arab sekular mempunyai maksud sekular bahasa Arab baik juga sebagai maksud Islam. Satu contoh adalah konsep dakwah. Satu dari kerumitan dari bahasa Arab adalah satu perkataan boleh mempunyai maksud yang berganda. Perkataan Islam sendiri adalah contoh baik.

Pembaca sepatutnya juga sedar yakni bahasa Arab ditulis dalam hurufnya sendiri, dengan huruf, simbol, dan perhimpunan ortografik iaitu tidak mempunyai persamaan tepat dalam huruf Latin (lihat abjad Arab). Senarai berikut adalah transliterasi dari istilah dan frasa bahasa Arab. Akibatnya Muslim mungkin transliterasikan sesetengah perkataan Arab berlainannya, seperti din berlawanan kepada deen, dan aqidah berlawanan kepada aqeedah. Kebanyakan barang dalam senarai juga mengandungi ejaan bahasa Arab sebenar.

A

Asyura (عاشوراء)

Hari kesepuluh dari bulan Muharram. Ia adalah hari Allah menyelamatkan Nabi Musa a.s. dan Bani Israel daripada Firaun. Muslim digalakkan untuk berpuasa semasa hari ini. Kepada kaum Syiah, ia juga hari ketika mereka berkabung dengan kematian Imam Syiah ketiga, Hussein bin Ali, bersama dengan keluarganya dan sahabat, dimana telah dibunuh dalam perang di Karbala yang terkenal.

Adab (أدب)

Tradisinya menghuraikan kelakuan baik, sebagai dalam kensantunan. Sebagai contoh, menjadi sopan adalah adab baik. Bagaimanapun, istilah ini boleh digunakan dengan amat meluas, dan terjemahan bersopan menjadi menjadi "cara bersopan untuk lakukan sesuatu," sebagai dalam contoh, Aadab al Qitaal, atau, "Cara Bersopan Berjuang dalam Perang," (Qitaal dalam bahasa Arab bermaksud tempur mortal) dimana kata "kesantunan" tidak sesuaikan konteks.

Abdul (عبد)

hamba, penyembah, buruh. Muslim menganggap mereka sendiri hamba dan buruh Allah. Nama Muslim lazim adalah Abd'allah/Abdullah, atau Hamba Allah. AbdulMalik (Hamba kepada Raja), AbduRahman (Hamba kepada yang Maha mengasihani), AbdulSalam (Hamba kepada Aman) dan sebagainya yang semua dari nama-nama Allah.

Azan (أذان)

memanggil kepada solat (sembahyang)

Adil (عدل)

Keadilan terutamanya keadilan pembekalan: social, ekonomi, politik, alam sekitar.

Ahli Kitab (أهل الكتاب)

"Ahli Kitab", atau pengikut dari Pra-Islam beragama monotheistik dengan sesetengah bentuk skriptur dipercayai menjadi asalan kuasa Allah: Yahudi, Kristian dan Hanif.

Ahad (أحد)

bermaksud "hanya", "yang satu". Islamiknya, ahad bermaksud Satu Sendiri, unik, tiada seperti Allah. Al-Wahid adalah salah satu dari nama Allah.

Hukum (أحكام)

hukum dan peraturan Qu'ran dan Sunnah. Terdapat lima hukum: Wajib, Mustahab (Sunat), Haram, Makruh, dan Halal.

Ahlul Bait (أهل البيت)

ahli keluarga atau rumah tangga Nabi Muhammad s.a.w.. Bagi kalangan masyarakat Syiah sebagai Masumin (maksum, tak berbuat dosa; suci rohani).

Akhlaq (أخلاق)

Amalan kebaikan. Morals.

Alamin (عالمين)

Secara harfiahnya "dunia", atau alam semsta bagi manusia, jin, malaikat dan semua kewujudan

Alhamdulillah (الحمد لله)

"Segala puji bagi Tuhan!" ayat seruan dalam Qur'an

Allahu Akbar (الله أكبر)

"Tuhan Maha Besar." pernyataan Islamik.

Al-isra (الإسراء)

"Perjalanan malam" baginda (saw)

Al-Akhirah (آلآخرة)

Akhkirat, alam selepas kematian yang ketika itu ditimbang dan dibalas segala amalan

Alim (عالم)

Yang mengetahui. Sarjana (dalam apa bidang ilmu); saintis (yang mengetahui sains) atau ahli teologi (yang mengetahui agama); serupa dengan Bahasa Jepun bagi sensei, "guru"

Amanah (أمانة)

Kepercayaan. Dalam semua makhluk, hanya manusia diberi "kepercayaan", iaitu kehendak sendiri.

Amin (آمين)

Amin,rayuan yang membawa makna, "Ya Tuhan, terimalah doa kami!" (digunakan oleh Sunah Waljamaah sahaja)

Amir al-Muminin

Dalam sesebuah negara seperti Maghribi, Amir al-Muminin atau (Ketua bagi yang beriman) merupakan ketua agama.

Aminah (أمنة)

Bonda Nabi Muhammad s.a.w. Beliau jatuh sakit dan wafat di Abwa', berhampiran Madinah (dahulu dikenali sebagai Yathrib) apabila baginda masih 6 tahun.

Ansar (أنصار)

"Penolong." Masyarakat Muslim yang memeluk Islam di Madinah yang membantu kaum Muslimin Makkah selepas hiijrah (kaum Muhajirin).

Aqidah (عقيدة)

Fahaman Islam, atau enam rukun iman, yang mengandungi akan kepercayaan kepada Tuhan, Malaikat, para Nabi dan Rasul, hari Akhirat dan Qada serta Qadar.

Akal (عقل)

Kepandaian, kebijaksanaan, buah fikiran, kefahaman

Arba'in (اربعين)

Nombor empat puluh (40).

Rukun Islam (ركن/أركان)

lima rukn Islam. (Lihat rukun)

Aslim Taslam (أسلم تسلم)

"Menyerah kepada Islam" (Lihat dakwah)

Asar (العصر)

Solat ketiga ketika matahari gelincir menunjukkan bayang sama panjang dengan objek hinggalah matahari terbenam. Juga bermakna "era".

Asharatu mubashshirun (العشرة المبشّرون)

Sepuluh sahabat baginda Muhammad yang dijamin masuk syurga (hanya lama Sunah Waljamaah)

Assalamu 'Alaikum (السلام عليكم)

Ucapan selamat masyarakat Islam; secara harfiahnya bermaksud "Sejahtera kepada anda"; dengan tambahan, "Wa Rahmatullahi wa Barakatuhu" bermaksud "dengan Rahmat Tuhan dan Keberkatan-Nya". Jawapan bagi ucapan ini ialah "Wa Alaikumus Salam wa Rahmatullahi wa Barakatuhu"--'Dan kepadamu juga Sejahtera dan Rahmat Tuhan dan Keberkatan-Nya'.

Ia juga salah satu bentuk zikir akan Kekuasaan Tuhan, apabila orang Islam mengucapkannya kepada orang Islam lain, ia bersamaan 30 pahala dan 30 pahala juga bagi yang menjawapnya (10 pahala bagi setiap perkataan).

Astaghfirullah (أستغفر الله)

"Aku pohon keampunan Tuhan." pernyataan Islam.

Auzubillah (أعوذ بالله)

"Ku mohon perlindungan Tuhan". Ini juga frasa permulaan bagi dua surah Qur'an.

Awliyā’ (أولياء)

Kawan, pelindung, pembantu, penjaga, pemelihara (bentuk mufrad: wali)

Aurat (عورة)

Bahagian badan manusia yang harus ditutup kecuali di hadapan pasangan. Ia juga boleh digunakan untuk merujuk kepada apa yang harus disembunyikan oleh seorang wanita di hadapan lelaki lain.

Ayat (آية), plural āyāt (آيات)

Suatu tanda. Lebih khusus lagi, ia merujuk kepada ayat dalam al-Quran.

Āyat ullāh (آية الله, also spelled Ayatollah)

Tanda Allah, gelaran yang diberikan kepada para cendekiawan agama yang mendapat kedudukan tertinggi dalam mazhab Syiah.

‘Azl (عزل)

Koitus terganggu, persetubuhan yang dicirikan oleh pengeluaran zakar sebelum pemancutan. Perkataan ini secara harfiah bermaksud "pemencilan".

B

Baitullah (بيت الله baytu-llāhi): Masjid, secara harfiahnya bermaksud "rumah Allah".

Barakah (بركة)

a blessing. Also, spiritual wisdom and blessing transmitted from master to pupil.

Barzakh (برزخ)

life after death in which the soul of the deceased is transferred across the boundaries of the mortal realm into the spirit world.

Basher (بشر)

Manusia. Secara harfiah bermaksud 'muka' tetapi umumnya digunakan untuk merujuk kepada orang (lelaki/perempuan).

Baṣīrah (بصيرة)

Insight, discernment, perceptivity, deep knowledge. Sometimes used by Sufis to denote the ability to directly perceive a transcendental Truth.

Bid‘ah (بدعة)

Pembaharuan dalam ugama, umpamanya mereka cara-cara baru untuk menyembah. Bidaah yang buruk dianggap sebagai penyimpangan dan merupakan suatu dosa yang berat untuk banyak Muslim.

Bint (بنت)

anak perempuan

Bismillah (بسم الله)

"Dengan nama Allah".

Burda (بردة)

not an Arabic term; means "curtain" in Persian. Means covering or to cover.

Baiat (بيعة)

an oath of allegiance to a leader, traditionally the Caliph or Imam.

C

Caliph (خليفة khalīfah)

literally successor; refers to the successor of the Prophet Muhammad, the ruler of an Islamic theocratic monarchy

D

Dajjal (دجّال)

Perkataan/aksara Islamic yang sama erti dengan perkataan Antichrist atau Dajjal; beerti "penipu" atau "tidak boleh dipercayai"

Dallal (ضلال)

going astray

Dar al-`Ahd (دار العهد)

Hubungan Empayar Turki Uthmaniyyah dengan negara-negara Kristian yang membayar ufti kepadanya

Dar al-Amn (دار الأمن)

bermaksud (rumah keselamatan) merujuk kepada status Muslim yang tinggal di sesetengah tempat di Dunia Barat.

Dar ad-Dawa (دار الدعوة)

wilayah dimana tempat mula-mula Islam diperkenalkan.

Dar al-Harb (دار الحرب)

bermaksud (rumah peperangan), merujuk kepada kawasan di luar pengaruh pemerintahan Islam; bukan dunia Islam.

Dar al-Islam (دار الإسلام)

wilayah, atau tanah, Islam.

Dar al-Kufr (دار الكفر)

bererti (kaum kafir/kufur), terma perkataan yang asalnya digunakan bagi merujuk kepada wilayah/penempatan orang kafir Quraish-masyarakat yang tidak beriman mengikut lunas dan acuan Islam yang tinggal di Makkah dan sekitarnya. Nabi Muhammad telah berhijrah ke Madinah dan kemudian dalam beberapa tahun telah kembali ke Makkah dalam peristiwa Pembukaan Kota Mekah.

Dar ash-Shahada (دار الشهادة)

Lihat; Dar al-Amn.

Darūd

dirahmati.

Da`wah (الدعوة)

Panggilan kepada Islam. (Lihat juga; aslim taslam)

Darwīš/ Darwish (درويش)

salah satu aliran fahaman Kesufian.

Dhimmi (ذمّي)

"Orang yang dilindungi"; Yahudi dan Kristian (kadang-kala merujuk kepada agama lain, seperti Buddha, Sikh, Hindu, dan Majusi), semua agama-agama ini bebas untuk mempraktikkan agama mereka didalam/dibawah wilayah pentadbiran/pemerintahan Islam dan undang-undang Islam (syariah), namun status kebebasan ini tidak boleh dijadikan bahan untuk menjatuhkan dan merosakkan agama dan sosioekonomi, kemasyarakatan dan perundangan Islam.

Dīn (الدين)

landasan kehidupan yang bersandarkan sepenuhnya kepada ajaran dan tuntutan Syariah Islamiah; keluhuran perundangan, tatacara dan praktikal Islam. Dīn juga merujuk kepada kepercayaan dan Agama Islam itu sendiri. (lihat juga: Ad-Din).

Diyya (ديت)

fine for unintentional murder.

Dua (دعاء)

personal prayer, supplication

Dhikr (ذكر)

remembrance of God; Sufi spiritual exercise; Muslims believe that the primary function of prophets is to remind people of God.

Dhuhr (الظهر)

second salat prayer

Dunya (دنيا)

The physical Universe, as opposed to the Hereafter

E

Eid (عيد)

festival or celebration.

Eid ul-Adha (عيد الأضحى)

"the Festival of Sacrifice." The four day celebration starting on the tenth day of Dhul-Hijja.

Eid ul-Fitr (عيد الفطر)

"the Festival of Fitr (Breaking the fast)." A religious festival that marks the end of the fast of Ramadan.

F

Fajarah (فجرة)

Wicked evil doers. Plural of "Fajir" (فاجر).

Fajr (فجر)

morning, as in the morning prayer. The time of the day when there is light in the horizon before sunrise.

Falah (فلاح)

success, happiness, well-being

Fanaa (فناء)

Sufi term meaning extinction - to die to this life while alive. Having no existence outside of God. A unity with God; and this is considered a deviation from the righteous path.

Fard (فرض) plural Fara’id

a religious duty, or an obligatory action: praying 5 times a day is fard Neglecting a fard will result in a punishment in the hereafter. (See wajib)

Fasiq (فاسق)

anyone who has violated Islamic law; usually refers to one whose character has been corrupted (plural "fasiqun").

Fatwa (فتوى)

legal opinion of an (alim) binding on him and on those who follow his taqlid

Fiqh (فقه)

jurisprudence built around the shariah by custom (al-urf). Literally means "deep understanding", refers to understanding the Islamic laws.

Fi sabil Allah (في سبيل الله)

on the path of God; common Islamic expression for Jihad. Means for the sake of God (eg. giving in charity for the sake of God)

Fitna (فتنة)

trial or tribulation; also refers to any period of disorder, such as a civil war, or the period of time before the end of the world or any civil strife.

Fitrah (فطرة)

innate disposition towards virtue, knowledge, and beauty. Muslims believe every child is born with fitrah.

Furqan (فرقان)

the criterion (of right and wrong, true and false); for example, the Qur'an as furqan.

G

Ghafara (غفر)

(verb in past tense) to forgive, to cover up (sins). A characteristic of God.

Ghaflah (غفلة)

heedlessness, forgetfulness of God, indifference

Ghaib (غيب)

the unseen, unknown.

Ghusl (غسل)

full ablution of the whole body (see wudu)

H

Hadi (هادي)

a guide, one who guides; A Muslim name for God is The Guide, or Al-Hadi.

Hidaya (هداية)

guidance from God.

Hadith (حديث) plural ahādīth

literally "speech"; recorded saying or tradition of the Prophet Muhammad validated by isnad; with sira these comprise the sunnah and reveal shariah

Halal (حلال)

lawful, permitted, good, beneficial, praiseworthy, honourable. (See mustahabb, mandub)

Hafith (حافظ)

someone who knows the Qur'an by heart. Literal translation = memorizer or Protector.

Hajj (الحجّ) or haj

pilgrimage to Mecca. Sunnis regard this as the fifth Pillar of Islam

Hakim(حاكم)

a ruler's or gubernatorial title

Hanif (حنيف)

one of the five prophets; namely, Prophet Adam, Prophet Abraham, Prophet Moses, Prophet Jesus, and Prophet Muhammad. Plural hunafa' (حنفاء).

Haqq (‎حق)

truth, reality, right, righteousness. An Islamic name for God is al-Haqq.

Haraam (حرام)

(stress on final syllable) forbidden. An individual is rewarded for keeping away from haram done out of obedience, (rather than out of fear, shyness or the inability to do it.) Antonym: halal. (See mazur, makrouh)

Haram (حرم)

(stress on initial syllable) sanctuary.

Hasan (حسن)

Good, beautiful, admirable. Also a categorization of a hadith's authenticity as "acceptable". (other categorizations include authenic and fabricated).

Hijab (حجاب)

literally "cover". It describes the self-covering of the body for the purposes of modesty and dignity; broadly, a prescribed system of attitudes and behaviour regarding modesty and dignity. (See al-amira, burnuk, khimar, milfeh, shayla)

Hijra (الهجرة)

Muhammad and his followers' emigration from Mecca to Medina. Literally, "migration".

Hima (حمى)

wilderness reserve, protected forest, grazing commons, important to khalifa

Hizb (حزب)

one half of a juz', or roughly 1/60th of the Qur'an

Houri (حورية) hūrīya, pl. hūrīyāt (حوريات)

beautiful and pure young men and women, that Muslims believe inhabit Paradise, or Heaven.

Huda (هدى)

guidance

Hudna (هدنة)

Truce. Cease-fire (often temporary)

Hudud (حدود)

Literally, limits or boundaries. Usually refers to limits placed by God on man; penalties of the Islamic law which are described in the Qur'an.

Hujedieh, Hojjatieh

A person who believes that everything must be prepared for the coming of the mahdi, and he will arrive when exploitation and poverty increase, in order to bring justice.

Hukm (حكم)

ruling in the Qur'an or Sunnah

I

Ibadah (عبادة)

worship, but not limited to ritual: all expressions of servitude to God, including the pursuit of knowledge, living a pious life, helping, charity, and humility, can be considered ibadah.

Iblis(إبليس)

a jinn banished to Hell for his arrogance and disobedience; aka Satan : derived from the Greek Diabolos or Devil He is the equivalent of Lucifer.

Iftaar (إفطار)

a light meal eaten by Muslims breaking their fast after sunset.

Ihram (إحرام)

state of consecration for hajj. Includes dress and or prayer.

Ihsan (إحسان)

perfection in worship, such that Muslims try to worship God as if they see Him, and although they cannot see Him, they undoubtedly believe He is constantly watching over them.

Ijaz (إعجاز)

how Muslims describe the character of the Qur'an in both form and content

Ijma (إجماع)

the consensus of either the ummah (or just the ulema) - one of four bases of Islamic Law. More generally, political consensus itself.

Ijtihad (إجتهاد)

During the early times of Islam, the possibility of finding a new solution to a juridical problem. Has not been allowed in conservative Islam since the Middle Ages. However, Liberal movements within Islam generally argue that any Muslim can perform ijtihad, given that Islam has no generally accepted clerical hierarchy or bureaucratic organization. The opposite of ijtihad is taqlid, Arabic for "imitation".

Ilah (إله)

deity, lord, god; not necessarily God.

Ilm (علم)

all varieties of knowledge, usually a synonym for science

Imam (إمام)

literally, leader; e.g. a man who leads a community or leads the prayer; the Shi'a sect use the term only as a title for one of the twelve God-appointed successors of Prophet Muhammad.

Imamah (إمامة) or imamate

successorship of Prophet Muhammad and the leadership of mankind.

Iman (إيمان)

personal faith

Infaq (إنفاق)

the habitual inclination to give rather than take in life; the basis for charity

Injeel (الإنجيل)

Arabic term for the holy book called The Gospel said to have been given to Jesus, who is known as Isa in Arabic; Muslims believe the holy book has been lost and the New Testament gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John) are not the word of God, only Christian stories about Jesus.

Insha'Allah (إن شاء الله)

God Willing.

Iqamah (إقامة)

the second call to prayer. Similar to the azhan.

`Īsā (عيسى)

Jesus - Isa ibn Maryam (English: Jesus son of Mary), a matronymic (since he had no biological father.

Isha (عشاء)

night; the fifth salat prayer

Islam (الإسلام)  

"submission to God". The Arabic root word for Islam means submission, obedience, peace, and purity.

Isnad (إسناد)

chain of transmitters of any given hadith

Isra (الإسراء)

the night journey during which Muhammad (محمّد)is said to have visited Heaven. See miraj.

Istislah (إستصلاح)

public interest - a source of Islamic Law.

Istishhaad (إستشهاد)

martyrdom.

Itmaam-i-hujjat (اتمام الحجة)

clarification of truth in its ultimate form.

J

Jahannam (جهنم)

the Hell-fire; Hell

Jahiliya (الجاهليّة)

the time of ignorance before Islam was realized. Describes polytheistic religions.

Jahl (جهل)

ignorance, arrogance

Jamia (جامعة)

"gathering"; i.e. a university, a mosque, or more generally, a community or association.

Janaza (جنازة)

funeral prayer

Jannah (جنة)

Paradise, Heaven, the Garden

Jazakallahu Khayran (جزاك الله خير)

"May God reward you for the good." Islamic expression of gratitude.

Jihad (جهاد)

struggle. Any earnest striving in the way of God, involving personal, physical, intellectual or military effort, for righteousness and against wrong-doing;

"Lesser Jihad" (الجهاد الأصغر): fighting to protect Islam from attack or oppression. In such fighting, no woman, child or innocent civilian is to be harmed, and no tree is to be cut down. Shi'as believe that only Prophet Muhammad and the twelve Imams had authority to declare positive jihad of the lesser kind. Killing all infidels (military and civilian) in offensive jihad (qitl fee saif fee sybil Allah) is also considered a form of jihad by militant Islamic guerillas in order to carry out the will of Allah to rid the world of fitnah, taghut and kufr.

"Greater Jihad" (الجهاد الأعظم): internal struggle for the soul (nafs) against evil, e.g. Lust, Greed, Envy, etc. Also to thrive to do actions that have great value in islam, and that one has to overcome one's self to do it, e.g.: to overcome the temptation to sleep when it is time to pray the morning prayer is a greater jihad.

Jilbāb (جلباب)

(pl. jalabib) a long, flowing, baggy garment worn by some to fulfill the mandates of sartorial hijab. Some more conservative Muslims believe that jilbāb is incumbent upon Muslim women to wear this as a sign of modesty. (See abaya. burka, chador)

Jinn (جنّ)

An invisible being of fire

Jizya (جزية)

A tax specified in the Koran (9:29) to be paid by non-Muslim males living under Muslim political control.

Jumuah (جمعة)

Friday prayer

Juz' (جزء)

one of thirty parts of the Qur'an

K

Ka'bah (الكعبة)

cube-house; the cube-shaped building i.e in Mecca toward which Muslims pray. Muslims, however, do not worship it, nor pray to it. Muslims only pray to Almighty God.

Kafir (كافر)

from the word kafara - "to hide." Those who deliberately hide the truth; unbelievers, truth-concealers; one who is ungrateful. Plural: Kaffirun.

Kalam (علم الكلم)

Islamic theology

Khalifa (خليفة)

Caliph, more generally, one performing the duties of khilafa.

Khatib (خاطب)

the speaker at the Friday Muslim prayer, or Jumu'ah prayer

Khilafah (خلافة)

Man's trusteeship and stewardship of Earth; Most basic theory of the Caliphate; Flora and fauna as sacred trust; Accountability to God for harms to nature, failure to actively care and maintain. Three specific ways in which khalifa is manifested in Muslim practice are the creation of haram to protect water, hima to protect other species (including those useful to man), and by resisting infidel domination over Muslim lands, in jihad.

Kharaj (خراج)

a land tax

Khums (خمس)

a Shi'a article of faith that refers to a one-fifth tax, divided between Sehme Sadaat, a poor sayyid, and Sehme Imam, given to a Mujtahid

Khutbah (خطبة)

the sermon at Jumu'ah prayer

Kitab (كتاب)

book; The Qur'an is often referred to as "Al-Kitab" (The Book)

Kufr (كفر)

In Arabic - ungratefulness and disbelief. Islamically speaking, disbelief in God and denial of the truth.

Kun (كن)

"Be!" God's command to the universe, 'Be!' and it is.

L

Laghw (لغو)

Dirty, false, evil vain talk

La ilaha illallah (لاإله إلا الله)

"There is no God worthy of worship except Allah." The most important expression in Islam. It is part of the first pillar of Islam.

la'nat (لعنة)

curse

Laylat al-Qadr (ليلة القدر)

the Night of Power, towards the end of Ramadan, when Muhammad received the first revelation of the Qur'an.

M

Madhab (مذهب)

(pl. Madhahib) school of religious jurisprudence, school of thought

Madrasa (مدرسة)

school, university

Maghrib (مغرب)

the fourth daily salat prayer

Mahdi (مهدي)

"a guide". More specifically al-Mahdi (the guide) is a figure who will appear with Prophet Jesus before the end of time, when God allows it, to bring world peace, order and justice, after it has been overcome with injustice and aggression. The Shi'ah regard the twelfth Imam as Imam Mahdi who was hidden in a cave when he was 5 years old ghabat and will reappear zuhur. The Sunnis regard someone else as the Mahdi.

Mahram (محرم)

a relative of the opposite gender usually described as being "within the forbidden limits"; a better description is "within the protected limits". means relatives who one can appear before without observing hijab and who one cannot marry.

Makrouh

Means "detested", though not haraam (forbidden); something that is disliked or offensive. There is no sin and no punishment if a person commits the Makruh, but it is blameworthy.

Malaikah (ملائكة)

angels

Ma malakat aymanukum (ما ملكت أيمانكم)

one's rightful spouse (literally: what your right hands possess)

Mandub

commendable or recommended. (See halal mustahabb)

Manzil (منزل)

one of seven parts of the Qur'an

Ma'ruf (معروف)

consensus of the community

Maqasid (مقصد)

goals or purposes; such as the purposes of Islamic law

Masha Allah (ما شاء الله)

God has willed it.

Masih (مسيح)

the (Biblical) Messiah, Jesus Christ.

Masjid (مسجد)

place of prayer; mosque

Ma'sum (معصوم), plural Ma'sumin (معصومين)

literally, innocent or free of sin; children are considered masum. Can also refer to an adult individual who does not commit sins, does not make mistakes, does not forget, etc. although he/she does have the choice to commit sins. The Shi'as regard the Prophet Muhammad, his daughter Fatimah, and the twelve Imams to be the fourteen Masumin. Finally assumed as a title for an 'infallible leader sent by God', notably by the Almohads' founding Mahdi and Imam.

Maulana (مولانا)

an Arabic word literally meaning "our lord" or "our master". It is used mostly as a title preceding the name of a respected religious leader, in particular graduates of religious institutions. The term is sometimes used to refer to Rumi.

Maulvi (مولوی)

an honorific Islamic religious title often, but not exclusively, given to Muslim religious scholars or Ulema preceding their names. Maulvi generally means any religious cleric or teacher.

Me'ad (معاد)

the Resurrection; God will resurrect all of humankind to be judged. Shi'as regard this as the fifth Pillar of Islam.

Mecca (مكّة)

the holiest city in Islam

Medina (مدينة)

"city"; Medinat-un-Nabi means "the City of the Prophet." See hijrah.

Mihrab (محراب)

a niche in the wall of all mosques, indicating the direction of prayer

Minaret (منارة)

a tower built onto a mosque from the top of which the call to prayer is made

Minbar (منبر)

a pulpit in the mosque where the Imam stands to deliver sermons

Minhaj (منهج)

methodology, e.g. methods, rules, system, procedures.

Miraj (المعراج)

the Ascension to the Seven Heavens during the Night Journey See also: isra

Mu'awwidhatayn (المعوذتين)

suras Al-Falaq and an-Nas, the "Surahs of refuge", should be said to relieve suffering (also protect from Black Magic)

Mubah (مباح)

literally permissible; neither forbidden nor commended. Neutral. (See halal)

Mufti (مفتى)

an Islamic scholar who is an interpreter or expounder of Islamic law (Sharia), capable of issuing fataawa (plural of "fatwa").

Mubaligh (مبلغ)

person who recites Qur'an

Muhajabah (محجبة)

woman who wears hijab (polite form of hijabi).

Muhammadun rasulullah

"Muhammad is the messenger of God." This statement is the second part of the first pillar of Islam. This is the second most important statement in Islam.

Muezzin (مأذن)

a person who performs the call to prayer

Mufsidun (مفسدون)

a person who wages jihad not in accordance with the Qur'an. Plural mufsideen.

Muhajireen (مهاجرون)

The first Muslims that traveled to Medina.

Mujahid (مجاهد)

a fighter for Islam. Plural mujahideen.

Mujtahid(مجتهد)

a scholar who uses reason for the purpose of forming an opinion or making a ruling on a religious issue. Plural: Mujtahidun.

Mullah (ملا)

are Islamic clergy. Ideally, they should have studied the Qur'an, Islamic traditions (hadith), and Islamic law (fiqh).

Mu'min (مأمن)

believer

Munafiq (منفق)

hypocrite. Plural: Munafiqun

Munaqabah (منقبة) pl. munaqabāt (منقبات)

woman who wears niqab

Murshid (مرشد)

a Sufi teacher

Murtadd (مرتد)

apostate

Muslim (مسلم)

a follower of the religion of Islam.

Mustahabb (مستباح)

commendable or recommended. (See halal, mandub)

Mut'ah (متعه)

joy; a type of marriage practiced only by the shiites; or a practice between Umrah and Hajj.

Mutawatir (متواتر)

"agreed upon"--used to describe hadith that were narrated by many witnesses through different narration chains (isnads) leading back to Muhammad

N

Nabi (نبي)

literally, prophet. In the Islamic context, a Nabi is a man sent by God to give guidance to man, but not given scripture. The Prophet Abraham was a Nabi. This is in contrast to Rasul, or Messenger. Plural: Anbiya. See: Rasul.

Nafs (النفس)

soul, one's self

Najaasah

Impurity

Nakir and Munkar

two malaikah who test the faith of the dead in their graves

Nifaq

falsehood; dishonesty

Niqab (نقاب)

veil covering the face

Naseeha

advice

Nass (نصّ)

a known, clear legal injunction

Nubuwwah (نبوّة)

prophethood. Shi'as regard this as the third Pillar of Islam.

Noor

light. Muslims believe angels were created from light.

P

Prophet

A person claiming to have had messages from Allah. (see nabi).

Q

Qadar

destiny

Qadi (قاضي)

judge of Islamic Law

Qiblah

the direction Muslims face during prayer

Qiyamah

resurrection; return of the dead for the Day of Judgment

Qisas (قصاص)

fine for intentional murder if heirs forgive

Qiyas (القياس)

analogy - foundation of legal reasoning and thus fiqh

Qutba

sermon given by the imam in a mosque

Qudsi

classification of a hadith that are believed to be narrated by Muhammad from God.

Qur'an (القرآن)

Muslims believe that the Qur'an is the literal word of God and culmination of God's revelation to mankind, revealed to Prophet Muhammad in the year 610 A.D.

R

Rabb

Lord, Sustainer, Cherisher, Master.

Rahman

Merciful; Ar-Rahman means "The Most Merciful"

Rahim

compassionate; Ar-Rahim means "The Most Compassionate" as in the Basmala

Rajm

the practice of stoning

Rakaat

one unit of Islamic prayer, or Salat. Each daily prayer is made up of a different number of rakaat.

Rasul

messenger; Unlike prophets (Nabi), messengers are given scripture. Moses, David, Jesus and Mohammed are considered messengers. All messengers are considered prophets, but not all prophets are given scripture. See: Nabi.

Riba (ربا)

interest, the charging and paying of which is forbidden by the Qur'an

Risalah

literally, message or letter. Used both in common parlance for mail correspondences, and in religious context as divine message.

Ruh

spirit; the divine breath which God blew into the clay of Adam.

Rukn plural arkan

means what is inevitable. One of the five pillars of Islam. (See fard, wajib)

Ruk'u

the bowing performed during Muslim prayer

S

Sabr

patience, endurance, self-restraint

Sadaqah

charity; voluntary alms

Sahabah

companions of Muhammad. In Islam, the Sahāba (الصحابه) were the companions of the Prophet Muhammad. This form is plural; the singular is Sahābi, which is Arabic for "friend, companion." A list of the best-known Companions can be found at List of companions of Muhammad.

Sahih

"Sound in isnad." A technical attribute applied to the "isnad" of a hadith.

Sajda

prostration

Salaf (السلف الصالح)

(righteous) predecessors/ancestors. In Islam, Salaf is generally used to refer to the first three generations of Muslims.

Salah (صلاة) or salat

any one of the 5 daily obligatory prayers. Sunnis regard this as the second Pillar of Islam

Salaam (سلام)

peace

Salat (صلاة)

prayer

Sallallahu alaihi wa sallam (صلى الله عليه و سلم)

"May God bless him and grant him peace." Expression used after stating Prophet Muhammad's name. Abbreviated as (saw)

Samad

eternal, absolute; Muslims believe God is "The Eternal."

Salsabil

a river in heaven (al-firdaus)

Sawm (صَوم)

fasting during the month of Ramadhan. The word sawm is derived from Syriac sawmo.

Sayyid (سيّد)

a descendant of a relative (because all his sons Qasim, Abdullah, and Ibraheem (Abraham) died before having children) to Muhammad

Sema

refer to some of the ceremonies used by various sufi orders

Shahadah (الشهادة)

The expression of faith: La ilaha illa Allah. Muhammadun rasulullah. ("There is no god but Allah. Muhammad is the messenger of Allah."). Sunnis regard this as the first Pillar of Islam

Shahid (شهيد)

witness, martyr. Usually refers to a person killed whilst fighting in "jihad fee sybil Allah" (jihad for the sake of Allah). Often used in modern times for deaths in a political cause (including victims of soldiers, deaths in battle, suicide bombers, etc.) which are viewed by some Muslims as a spiritual cause not just a political cause. But the real meaning of Jihad is, to defends Islam in any matter way. It can be in economic way as long its trying to protect Islam.

Shaikh (شيخ)

a spiritual master, Muslim clergy

Sharia/shariah (الشريعة)

"the path to a watering hole"; the eternal ethical code and moral code based on the Qur'an and Sunnah; basis of fiqh

Sharif (شريف)

a title bestowed upon the descendants of Muhammad through Hasan, son of his daughter Fatima Zahra and son-in-law Ali ibn Abi Talib

Shaytan

Satan, the Devil; also known as Iblis

Shi'a (الشيعة)

a follower of Prophet Muhammad and his successors (the twelve Imams), the first being Ali. Shi'as constitute the second largest sect in Islam.

Shirk (شرك)

idolatry; polytheism; the sin of believing in any divinity except God and of associating other gods with God.

Shura (شورى)

consultation

majlis ash-shura (مجلس الشورى)

advisory council

Sira (السيرة)

life or biography of the Prophet Muhammad; his moral example - with hadith this comprises the sunnah

Sirat al-Mustaqim

the Straight Path

Subhanahu wa ta'ala

expression used following written name or vocalization of Allah in Arabic

Subhan'allah

expression used by Muslims to express strong feelings of joy or relief.

Sufi (صوفي)

a Muslim mystic; See: Sufism (tasawwuf).

Suhoor

the meal eaten by fasting Muslims just before dawn.

Sunnah (السنّة) or sunnah al-Nabi (سنّة النبي)

the "path" or "example" of the Prophet Muhammad, i.e., what the Prophet did or said or agreed to during his life. He is considered by Muslims to be the best human moral example, the best man to follow.

Sunni (سنّي)

the largest sect in Islam.

Surah (سورة)

chapter; the Qur'an is comprised of 114 suras

T

Taba'een

followers of the Sahabah

Tafsir (تفسير)

exegesis, particularly such commentary on the Qur'an

Taghut

impurity; anything worshipped other than God, i.e. all the false deities.

Tahajjud

optional, late night prayer

Taharah

purification from ritual impurities by means of wudu or ghusl

Tahir

pure, ritually clean

Tahrif (تحريف)

corruption, forgery. Muslims believe the Bible Scriptures were corrupted but the Qur'an is in its original form.

Tajdid

to purify and reform society in order to move it toward greater equity and justice

Tajwid (تجويد)

a special manner of reciting the Qur'an according to prescribed rules of pronunciation and intonation.

Takbir

a proclamation of the greatness of God; a Muslim invocation.

Takfeer

to declare kufr (disbelief) about a non-Muslim or Muslim or to denounce them as disbelievers.

Taqlid (تقليد)

to blindly follow a person whose following is not based on proof and does not rely upon knowledge.

Taqiyya (تقيّة)

the mostly Shi'a principle that one is allowed to hide one's true beliefs in certain circumstances.

Taqwa

righteousness; goodness

Tarawih

tarawih prayers are extra prayers in Ramadan after the Isha prayer.

Tarkib (تَرْكِيب)

the study of Arabic grammar issued from the Qur'an

Tariqa (طريقة)

a Muslim religious order, particularly a Sufi order

Tartil (ترتيل)

slow and measured (meditative) recitation of the Qur'an

Tashkil (تشكيل)

vocalization of a text, for example the Qur'an

Taslim (تسلم)

salutation at the end of prayer

Tawbah

repentance

Tasawwuf (التصوّف) or Sufism

Tawaf

circumambulating the Ka'bah during Hajj.

Tawheed (توحيد)

monotheism; affirmation of the Oneness of God. Muslims regard this as the first part of the Pillar of Islam, the second part is accepting Muhammad as Messenger. The opposite of Tawheed is shirk

Tawrat

the revelation to Musa

Tayyib

all that is good as regards things, deeds, beliefs, persons, foods, etc. Means "pure." The Shahaddath is tayyib.

Tazkiyah

Purification of the Soul.

U

Ulema (علماء) or ulama

the leaders of Islamic society, including teachers, Imams and judges. Singular alim.

Ummah (الاُمّة) or umma

the global community of all Muslim believers; international personhood of Islam

Umrah

the lesser pilgrimage performed in Mecca. Unlike hajj, umrah can be performed throughout the year.

Urf (عرف)

custom of a given society, leading to change in the fiqh

Usul al-Fiqh

the study of the origins and practice of Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh)

W

Wahdat al-wujud (وحدة الوجود)

"unity of being". Philosophical term used by some Sufis. Related to fanaa

Wahy

revelation or inspiration of God to His prophets for all humankind

Wajib

obligatory or mandatory see fard

Wali

friend, protector, guardian, supporter, helper

Warraq (ورّاق)

traditional scribe, publisher, printer, notary and book copier

Wasat

the middle way, justly balanced, avoiding extremes, moderation

Witr

a voluntary, optional night prayer of three rakaat

Wudu

ablution for ritual purification from minor impurities before salat (see ghusl)

Y

Ya Allah

Yaqin

certainty, that which is certain

Yaum Al-Qiyâmah (يوم القيامة)

"Day of the Resurrection"; Day of Judgement

Z

Zabur

the Psalms revealed to King David

Zaidi

Islamic sect of Yemen with similarities to Shi'ah and Sunni

Zakat (زكاة)

tax, alms, tithe as a Muslim duty; Sunnis regard this as the fourth Pillar of Islam. Neither charity nor derived from Islamic economics, but a religious duty and social obligation.

Zalimun

polytheists, wrong-doers, and unjust.

Zina (زناء , زنى)

sexual activity outside of marriage (covering the English words adultery and fornication)

Notes

• Wikipedia is not a general Arabic-to-English dictionary. The list above includes only those concepts sufficiently specific to Islam or Muslim culture to merit their own full articles. There is an English/Arabic dictionary on Wiktionary.
• Arabic words are created from three-letter "roots" which convey a basic idea. For example, k-t-b conveys the idea of writing. Addition of other letters before, between, and after the root letters produces many associated words: not only "write" but also "book", "office", "library", and "author". The abstract consonantal root for Islam is s-l-m.